Chemical Reactions in Chemistry

Physics Formulas

Mathematics Formulas

This page provides a comprehensive list of chemical reactions including types,definitions,examples,and common exam FAQs for school and competitive exams.

Types of Chemical Reactions

Reaction Type	Description	Example
Combination	Two or more substances combine to form a single product	2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O
Decomposition	A single compound breaks into two or more simpler substances	2HgO → 2Hg + O₂
Displacement	An element replaces another in a compound	Zn + CuSO₄ → ZnSO₄ + Cu
Double Displacement	Exchange of ions between two compounds	AgNO₃ + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO₃
Combustion	Substance burns in presence of oxygen releasing energy	CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O

Frequently Asked Questions about Chemical Reactions

1. What is a chemical reaction?

A chemical reaction is a process where reactants are transformed into products by breaking and forming chemical bonds.

2. What are the main types of chemical reactions?

The main types are synthesis,decomposition,single displacement,double displacement,combustion,and redox reactions.

3. What is the importance of chemical reactions in daily life?

Chemical reactions play a crucial role in cooking,cleaning,manufacturing,medicine,and energy production.

4. How do you balance a chemical equation?

To balance a chemical equation,adjust the coefficients to ensure the number of atoms for each element is equal on both sides.

5. What is an exothermic reaction?

An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases heat.

6. What is an endothermic reaction?

An endothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that absorbs heat.

7. What is a catalyst in a chemical reaction?

A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.

8. What is the role of temperature in chemical reactions?

Temperature affects the rate of chemical reactions;higher temperatures generally increase reaction rates.

9. What is a redox reaction?

A redox reaction is a chemical reaction where oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously.

10. What are examples of real-life chemical reactions?

Examples include combustion(burning of fuel),photosynthesis in plants,and rusting of iron.

11. How do chemical reactions impact the environment?

Chemical reactions can both positively and negatively impact the environment,such as through pollution or green energy production.

12. What are the differences between organic and inorganic reactions?

Organic reactions involve carbon-based compounds,while inorganic reactions involve minerals,metals,and non-carbon-based elements.

13. What is a chemical equilibrium?

Chemical equilibrium is a state where the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate.

14. What are the signs of a chemical reaction?

Signs include color change,temperature change,gas production,and precipitate formation.

15. What is the role of pressure in chemical reactions?

Pressure can influence reactions,especially for gases,by increasing the reaction rate or shifting equilibrium.

16. What are some common industrial chemical reactions?

Common reactions include the Haber process for ammonia,cracking of hydrocarbons,and polymerization.

17. How do acids and bases react?

Acids and bases react to form water and a salt in a neutralization reaction.

18. What is a precipitation reaction?

A precipitation reaction is a chemical reaction where two solutions react to form an insoluble solid.

19. What is an example of a reversible reaction?

An example is the synthesis of ammonia in the Haber process,which can proceed in both forward and reverse directions.

20. What is the role of energy in chemical reactions?

Energy is required to break bonds in reactants,and energy is released when new bonds form in products.

1. Zinc and Copper Sulfate Reaction:

👉Zn(s)+ CuSO4(aq)→ Cu(s)+ ZnSO4(aq)

Zinc(Zn)displaces copper(Cu)from copper sulfate(CuSO4)solution,resulting in the formation of copper metal and zinc sulfate(ZnSO4). Zinc is oxidized while copper is reduced.

2. Bleaching Action of Chlorine:

👉Cl2(g)+ H2O(l)→ HCl(aq)+ HClO(aq)

👉Chlorine gas(Cl2)reacts with water(H2O)to produce hydrochloric acid(HCl)and hypochlorous acid(HClO),which act as strong oxidizing agents in bleaching processes.

3. Combustion of Methane:

👉CH4(g)+ 2O2(g)→ CO2(g)+ 2H2O(g)

👉Methane(CH4)reacts with oxygen(O2)to form carbon dioxide(CO2)and water(H2O). Methane is oxidized,and oxygen is reduced.

4. Rusting of Iron:

👉4Fe(s)+ 3O2(g)+ 6H2O(l)→ 4Fe(OH)3(s)

👉Iron(Fe)reacts with oxygen(O2)and water(H2O)in the presence of moisture to form iron(III)hydroxide(Fe(OH)3),commonly known as rust. Iron is oxidized in this reaction.

5. Formation of Hydrogen Gas and Oxygen Gas from Water:

👉2H2O(l)→ 2H2(g)+ O2(g)

👉Electrolysis of water results in the decomposition of water into hydrogen gas(H2)and oxygen gas(O2).

6. Reaction Between Magnesium and Hydrochloric Acid:

👉Mg(s)+ 2HCl(aq)→ MgCl2(aq)+ H2(g)

👉Magnesium(Mg)reacts with hydrochloric acid(HCl)to form magnesium chloride(MgCl2)and hydrogen gas(H2). Magnesium is oxidized,and hydrogen is reduced.

7. Displacement of Silver by Copper:

👉Cu(s)+ 2AgNO3(aq)→ Cu(NO3)2(aq)+ 2Ag(s)

👉Copper(Cu)displaces silver(Ag)from silver nitrate(AgNO3)solution,resulting in the formation of copper(II)nitrate(Cu(NO3)2)and silver metal(Ag). Copper is oxidized while silver is reduced.

8. Reaction Between Sodium and Chlorine Gas:

👉2Na(s)+ Cl2(g)→ 2NaCl(s)

👉Sodium(Na)reacts with chlorine gas(Cl2)to form sodium chloride(NaCl). Sodium is oxidized,and chlorine is reduced.

9. Reaction Between Potassium and Water:

👉2K(s)+ 2H2O(l)→ 2KOH(aq)+ H2(g)

👉Potassium(K)reacts with water(H2O)to form potassium hydroxide(KOH)and hydrogen gas(H2). Potassium is oxidized,and water is reduced.

10. Combustion of Ethanol:

👉C2H5OH(l)+ 3O2(g)→ 2CO2(g)+ 3H2O(g)

👉Ethanol(C2H5OH)reacts with oxygen(O2)to form carbon dioxide(CO2)and water(H2O). Ethanol is oxidized,and oxygen is reduced.

11. Reduction of Copper(II)Oxide with Hydrogen Gas:

👉CuO(s)+ H2(g)→ Cu(s)+ H2O(g)

👉Copper(II)oxide(CuO)reacts with hydrogen gas(H2)to form copper(Cu)and water vapor(H2O). Copper(II)oxide is reduced.

12. Reaction Between Sodium and Oxygen Gas:

👉4Na(s)+ O2(g)→ 2Na2O(s)

👉Sodium(Na)reacts with oxygen gas(O2)to form sodium oxide(Na2O). Sodium is oxidized,and oxygen is reduced.

13. Displacement of Zinc by Hydrogen Ions:

👉Zn(s)+ 2H+(aq)→ Zn2+(aq)+ H2(g)

👉Zinc(Zn)reacts with hydrogen ions(H+)to form zinc ions(Zn2+)and hydrogen gas(H2). Zinc is oxidized,and hydrogen ions are reduced.

14. Reaction Between Aluminum and Bromine:

👉2Al(s)+ 3Br2(g)→ 2AlBr3(s)

👉Aluminum(Al)reacts with bromine(Br2)to form aluminum bromide(AlBr3). Aluminum is oxidized,and bromine is reduced.

15. Combustion of Butane:

👉C4H10(g)+ 13/2O2(g)→ 4CO2(g)+ 5H2O(g)

👉Butane(C4H10)reacts with oxygen(O2)to form carbon dioxide(CO2)and water(H2O). Butane is oxidized,and oxygen is reduced.

16. Reduction of Copper(II)Sulfate with Iron:

👉CuSO4(aq)+ Fe(s)→ FeSO4(aq)+ Cu(s)

👉Copper(II)sulfate(CuSO4)reacts with iron(Fe)to form iron(II)sulfate(FeSO4)and copper(Cu). Iron is oxidized,and copper is reduced.

17. Reaction Between Zinc and Nitric Acid:

👉Zn(s)+ 2HNO3(aq)→ Zn(NO3)2(aq)+ H2(g)

👉Zinc(Zn)reacts with nitric acid(HNO3)to form zinc nitrate(Zn(NO3)2)and hydrogen gas(H2). Zinc is oxidized,and nitric acid is reduced.

18. Electrolysis of Copper(II)Sulfate Solution:

👉CuSO4(aq)→ Cu(s)+ SO4^(2-)(aq)

👉Copper(II)sulfate solution(CuSO4)is electrolyzed to deposit copper metal(Cu)at the cathode while sulfuric acid ions(SO4^(2-))are formed at the anode.

19. Formation of Lead(II)Iodide:

👉Pb(NO3)2(aq)+ 2KI(aq)→ PbI2(s)+ 2KNO3(aq)

👉Lead(II)nitrate(Pb(NO3)2)reacts with potassium iodide(KI)to form lead(II)iodide(PbI2)and potassium nitrate(KNO3). Lead(II)nitrate is reduced,

and potassium iodide is oxidized.

20. Displacement of Hydrogen by Sodium:

👉2Na(s)+ 2H2O(l)→ 2NaOH(aq)+ H2(g)

👉Sodium(Na)reacts with water(H2O)to form sodium hydroxide(NaOH)and hydrogen gas(H2). Sodium is oxidized,and water is reduced.

21. Reaction Between Iron and Sulfur:

👉Fe(s)+ S(s)→ FeS(s)

👉Iron(Fe)reacts with sulfur(S)to form iron(II)sulfide(FeS). Iron is oxidized,and sulfur is reduced.

22. Combustion of Ethylene:

👉C2H4(g)+ 3O2(g)→ 2CO2(g)+ 2H2O(g)

👉Ethylene(C2H4)reacts with oxygen(O2)to form carbon dioxide(CO2)and water(H2O). Ethylene is oxidized,and oxygen is reduced.

23. Reaction Between Potassium and Bromine:

👉2K(s)+ Br2(g)→ 2KBr(s)

👉Potassium(K)reacts with bromine(Br2)to form potassium bromide(KBr). Potassium is oxidized,and bromine is reduced.

24. Formation of Zinc Nitrate:

👉Zn(s)+ 2HNO3(aq)→ Zn(NO3)2(aq)+ H2(g)

👉Zinc(Zn)reacts with nitric acid(HNO3)to form zinc nitrate(Zn(NO3)2)and hydrogen gas(H2). Zinc is oxidized,and nitric acid is reduced.

25. Reduction of Copper(II)Chloride with Iron:

👉CuCl2(aq)+ Fe(s)→ FeCl2(aq)+ Cu(s)

👉Copper(II)chloride(CuCl2)reacts with iron(Fe)to form iron(II)chloride(FeCl2)and copper(Cu). Iron is oxidized,and copper is reduced.

26. Reaction Between Potassium and Iodine:

👉2K(s)+ I2(g)→ 2KI(s)

👉Potassium(K)reacts with iodine(I2)to form potassium iodide(KI). Potassium is oxidized,and iodine is reduced.

27. Combustion of Propane:

👉C3H8(g)+ 5O2(g)→ 3CO2(g)+ 4H2O(g)

👉Propane(C3H8)reacts with oxygen(O2)to form carbon dioxide(CO2)and water(H2O). Propane is oxidized,and oxygen is reduced.

28. Reduction of Copper(II)Chloride with Hydrogen Gas:

👉2CuCl2(aq)+ H2(g)→ 2CuCl(s)+ 2HCl(aq)

👉Copper(II)chloride(CuCl2)reacts with hydrogen gas(H2)to form copper(I)chloride(CuCl)and hydrochloric acid(HCl). Copper(II)chloride is reduced.

29. Reaction Between Sodium and Iodine:

👉2Na(s)+ I2(g)→ 2NaI(s)

👉Sodium(Na)reacts with iodine(I2)to form sodium iodide(NaI). Sodium is oxidized,and iodine is reduced.

30. Combustion of Pentane:

👉C5H12(g)+ 8O2(g)→ 5CO2(g)+ 6H2O(g)

👉Pentane(C5H12)reacts with oxygen(O2)to form carbon dioxide(CO2)and water(H2O). Pentane is oxidized,and oxygen is reduced.

31. Reduction of Copper(II)Sulfate with Sulfur Dioxide:

👉CuSO4(aq)+ SO2(g)+ 2H2O(l)→ Cu(s)+ H2SO4(aq)

👉Copper(II)sulfate(CuSO4)reacts with sulfur dioxide(SO2)and water(H2O)to form copper metal(Cu)and sulfuric acid(H2SO4). Copper(II)sulfate is reduced.

32. Reaction Between Sodium and Sulfur:

👉2Na(s)+ S(s)→ Na2S(s)

👉Sodium(Na)reacts with sulfur(S)to form sodium sulfide(Na2S). Sodium is oxidized,and sulfur is reduced.

33. Combustion of Hexane:

👉C6H14(g)+ 19/2O2(g)→ 6CO2(g)+ 7H2O(g)

👉Hexane(C6H14)reacts with oxygen(O2)to form carbon dioxide(CO2)and water(H2O). Hexane is oxidized,and oxygen is reduced.

34. Reduction of Iron(III)Oxide with Carbon:

👉Fe2O3(s)+ 3C(s)→ 2Fe(s)+ 3CO(g)

👉Iron(III)oxide(Fe2O3)reacts with carbon(C)to form iron metal(Fe)and carbon monoxide(CO). Iron(III)oxide is reduced.

35. Reaction Between Potassium and Sulfur:

👉2K(s)+ S(s)→ K2S(s)

👉Potassium(K)reacts with sulfur(S)to form potassium sulfide(K2S). Potassium is oxidized,and sulfur is reduced.

36. Combustion of Heptane:

👉C7H16(g)+ 22O2(g)→ 7CO2(g)+ 8H2O(g)

👉Heptane(C7H16)reacts with oxygen(O2)to form carbon dioxide(CO2)and water(H2O). Heptane is oxidized,and oxygen is reduced.

37. Reduction of Iron(III)Oxide with Hydrogen Gas:

👉Fe2O3(s)+ 3H2(g)→ 2Fe(s)+ 3H2O(g)

👉Iron(III)oxide(Fe2O3)reacts with hydrogen gas(H2)to form iron metal(Fe)and water vapor(H2O). Iron(III)oxide is reduced.

38. Reaction Between Lithium and Bromine:

👉2Li(s)+ Br2(g)→ 2LiBr(s)

👉Lithium(Li)reacts with bromine(Br2)to form lithium bromide(LiBr). Lithium is oxidized,and bromine is reduced.

39. Combustion of Octane:

👉C8H18(g)+ 25/2O2(g)→ 8CO2(g)+ 9H2O(g)

👉Octane(C8H18)reacts with oxygen(O2)to form carbon dioxide (CO2)and water(H2O). Octane is oxidized,and oxygen is reduced.

40. Reduction of Silver(I)Nitrate with Copper:

👉Cu(s)+ 2AgNO3(aq)→ Cu(NO3)2(aq)+ 2Ag(s)

👉Copper(Cu)reacts with silver(I)nitrate(AgNO3)to form copper(II)nitrate(Cu(NO3)2)and silver metal(Ag). Copper is oxidized,and silver(I)nitrate is reduced.

41. Reaction Between Lithium and Iodine:

👉2Li(s)+ I2(g)→ 2LiI(s)

👉Lithium(Li)reacts with iodine(I2)to form lithium iodide(LiI). Lithium is oxidized,and iodine is reduced.

42. Combustion of Nonane:

👉C9H20(g)+ 29/2O2(g)→ 9CO2(g)+ 10H2O(g)

👉Nonane(C9H20)reacts with oxygen(O2)to form carbon dioxide(CO2)and water(H2O). Nonane is oxidized,and oxygen is reduced.

43. Reduction of Silver(I)Nitrate with Iron:

👉Fe(s)+ 2AgNO3(aq)→ Fe(NO3)2(aq)+ 2Ag(s)

👉Iron(Fe)reacts with silver(I)nitrate(AgNO3)to form iron(II)nitrate(Fe(NO3)2)and silver metal(Ag). Iron is oxidized,and silver(I)nitrate is reduced.

44. Reaction Between Lithium and Sulfur:

👉2Li(s)+ S(s)→ Li2S(s)

👉Lithium(Li)reacts with sulfur(S)to form lithium sulfide(Li2S). Lithium is oxidized,and sulfur is reduced.

45. Combustion of Decane:

👉C10H22(g)+ 31/2O2(g)→ 10CO2(g)+ 11H2O(g)

👉Decane(C10H22)reacts with oxygen(O2)to form carbon dioxide(CO2)and water(H2O). Decane is oxidized,and oxygen is reduced.

46. Reduction of Silver(I)Nitrate with Hydrogen Gas:

👉H2(g)+ 2AgNO3(aq)→ 2HNO3(aq)+ 2Ag(s)

👉Hydrogen gas(H2)reacts with silver(I)nitrate(AgNO3)to form nitric acid(HNO3)and silver metal(Ag). Silver(I)nitrate is reduced.

47. Formation of Silver Chloride:

👉AgNO3(aq)+ NaCl(aq)→ AgCl(s)+ NaNO3(aq)

👉Silver nitrate(AgNO3)reacts with sodium chloride(NaCl)to form silver chloride(AgCl)and sodium nitrate(NaNO3). Silver nitrate is reduced,and sodium chloride is oxidized.

48. Reaction Between Calcium and Chlorine:

👉Ca(s)+ Cl2(g)→ CaCl2(s)

👉Calcium(Ca)reacts with chlorine gas(Cl2)to form calcium chloride(CaCl2). Calcium is oxidized,and chlorine is reduced.

49. Combustion of Dodecane:

👉C12H26(g)+ 37/2O2(g)→ 12CO2(g)+ 13H2O(g)

👉Dodecane(C12H26)reacts with oxygen(O2)to form carbon dioxide(CO2)and water(H2O). Dodecane is oxidized,and oxygen is reduced.

50. Reduction of Iron(III)Chloride with Zinc:

👉FeCl3(aq)+ 3Zn(s)→ Fe(s)+ 3ZnCl2(aq)

👉Iron(III)chloride(FeCl3)reacts with zinc(Zn)to form iron metal(Fe)and zinc chloride(ZnCl2). Iron(III)chloride is reduced.

51. Formation of Potassium Iodide:

👉2K(s)+ I2(g)→ 2KI(s)

👉Potassium(K)reacts with iodine(I2)to form potassium iodide(KI). Potassium is oxidized,and iodine is reduced.

52. Combustion of Tetradecane:

👉C14H30(g)+ 43/2O2(g)→ 14CO2(g)+ 15H2O(g)

👉Tetradecane(C14H30)reacts with oxygen(O2)to form carbon dioxide(CO2)and water(H2O). Tetradecane is oxidized,and oxygen is reduced.

53. Reduction of Iron(III)Chloride with Hydrogen Gas:

👉FeCl3(aq)+ 3H2(g)→ Fe(s)+ 3HCl(aq)

👉Iron(III)chloride(FeCl3)reacts with hydrogen gas(H2)to form iron metal(Fe)and hydrochloric acid(HCl). Iron(III)chloride is reduced.

54. Reaction Between Calcium and Bromine:

👉Ca(s)+ Br2(g)→ CaBr2(s)

👉Calcium(Ca)reacts with bromine(Br2)to form calcium bromide(CaBr2). Calcium is oxidized,and bromine is reduced.

55. Combustion of Hexadecane:

👉C16H34(g)+ 49/2O2(g)→ 16CO2(g)+ 17H2O(g)

👉Hexadecane(C16H34)reacts with oxygen(O2)to form carbon dioxide(CO2)and water(H2O). Hexadecane is oxidized,and oxygen is reduced.

56. Reduction of Iron(III)Chloride with Sodium:

👉2FeCl3(aq)+ 6Na(s)→ 2Fe(s)+ 6NaCl(aq)

👉Iron(III)chloride(FeCl3)reacts with sodium(Na)to form iron metal(Fe)and sodium chloride(NaCl). Iron(III)chloride is reduced.

57. Formation of Potassium Bromide:

👉2K(s)+ Br2(g)→ 2KBr(s)

👉Potassium(K)reacts with bromine(Br2)to form potassium bromide(KBr). Potassium is oxidized,and bromine is reduced.

58. Combustion of Octadecane:

👉C18H38(g)+ 55/2O2(g)→ 18CO2(g)+ 19H2O(g)

👉Octadecane(C18H38)reacts with oxygen(O2)to form carbon dioxide(CO2)and water(H2O). Octadecane is oxidized,and oxygen is reduced.

59. Reduction of Iron(III)Chloride with Sulfur Dioxide:

👉2FeCl3(aq)+ 3SO2(g)+ 3H2O(l)→ 2Fe(OH)3(s)+ 6HCl(aq)

👉Iron(III)chloride(FeCl3)reacts with sulfur dioxide(SO2)and water(H2O)to form iron(III)hydroxide(Fe(OH)3)and hydrochloric acid(HCl). Iron(III)chloride is reduced.

60. Reaction Between Magnesium and Chlorine:

👉Mg(s)+ Cl2(g)→ MgCl2(s)

👉Magnesium(Mg)reacts with chlorine gas(Cl2)to form magnesium chloride(MgCl2). Magnesium is oxidized,and chlorine is reduced.

61. Combustion of Eicosane:

👉C20H42(g)+ 61/2O2(g)→ 20CO2(g)+ 21H2O(g)

👉Eicosane(C20H42)reacts with oxygen(O2)to form carbon dioxide(CO2)and water(H2O). Eicosane is oxidized,and oxygen is reduced.

62. Reduction of Iron(III)Chloride with Sulfur Dioxide:

👉FeCl3(aq)+ 3SO2(g)+ 3H2O(l)→ Fe(OH)3(s)+ 3HCl(aq)

👉Iron(III)chloride(FeCl3)reacts with sulfur dioxide(SO2)and water(H2O)to form iron(III)hydroxide(Fe(OH)3)and hydrochloric acid(HCl). Iron(III)chloride is reduced.

63. Formation of Calcium Chloride:

👉Ca(s)+ Cl2(g)→ CaCl2(s)

👉Calcium(Ca)reacts with chlorine gas(Cl2)to form calcium chloride(CaCl2). Calcium is oxidized,and chlorine is reduced.

64. Combustion of Docosane:

👉C22H46(g)+ 67/2O2(g)→ 22CO2(g)+ 23H2O(g)

👉Docosane(C22H46)reacts with oxygen(O2)to form carbon dioxide(CO2)and water(H2O). Docosane is oxidized,and oxygen is reduced.

65. Reduction of Iron(III)Chloride with Carbon:

👉3FeCl3(aq)+ 3C(s)→ 3FeCl2(s)+ 3CO(g)

👉Iron(III)chloride(FeCl3)reacts with carbon(C)to form iron(II)chloride(FeCl2)and carbon monoxide(CO). Iron(III)chloride is reduced.

66. Reaction Between Magnesium and Bromine:

👉Mg(s)+ Br2(g)→ MgBr2(s)

👉Magnesium(Mg)reacts with bromine(Br2)to form magnesium bromide(MgBr2). Magnesium is oxidized,and bromine is reduced.

67. Combustion of Tetracosane:

👉C24H50(g)+ 73/2O2(g)→ 24CO2(g)+ 25H2O(g)

👉Tetracosane(C24H50)reacts with oxygen(O2)to form carbon dioxide(CO2)and water(H2O). Tetracosane is oxidized,and oxygen is reduced.

68. Reduction of Iron(III)Chloride with Carbon:

👉6FeCl3(aq)+ C(s)→ 3Fe2O3(s)+ 3CO(g)

👉Iron(III)chloride(FeCl3)reacts with carbon(C)to form iron(III)oxide(Fe2O3)and carbon monoxide(CO). Iron(III)chloride is reduced.

69. Formation of Calcium Bromide:

👉Ca(s)+ Br2(g)→ CaBr2(s)

👉Calcium(Ca)reacts with bromine(Br2)to form calcium bromide(CaBr2). Calcium is oxidized,and bromine is reduced.

70. Combustion of Hexacosane:

👉C26H54(g)+ 79/2O2(g)→ 26CO2(g)+ 27H2O(g)

👉Hexacosane(C26H54)reacts with oxygen(O2)to form carbon dioxide(CO2)and water(H2O). Hexacosane is oxidized,and oxygen is reduced.

71. Reduction of Iron(III)Oxide with Carbon Monoxide:

👉3Fe2O3(s)+ CO(g)→ 2Fe3O4(s)+ CO2(g)

👉Iron(III)oxide(Fe2O3)reacts with carbon monoxide(CO)to form iron(II,III)oxide(Fe3O4)and carbon dioxide(CO2). Iron(III)oxide is reduced.

72. Reaction Between Aluminum and Chlorine
:

👉2Al(s)+ 3Cl2(g)→ 2AlCl3(s)

👉Aluminum(Al)reacts with chlorine gas(Cl2)to form aluminum chloride(AlCl3). Aluminum is oxidized,and chlorine is reduced.

73. Combustion of Octacosane:

👉C28H58(g)+ 85/2O2(g)→ 28CO2(g)+ 29H2O(g)

👉Octacosane(C28H58)reacts with oxygen(O2)to form carbon dioxide(CO2)and water(H2O). Octacosane is oxidized,and oxygen is reduced.

74. Reduction of Iron(III)Oxide with Carbon Monoxide:

👉Fe2O3(s)+ 3CO(g)→ 2Fe(s)+ 3CO2(g)

👉Iron(III)oxide(Fe2O3)reacts with carbon monoxide(CO)to form iron metal(Fe)and carbon dioxide(CO2). Iron(III)oxide is reduced.

75. Formation of Aluminum Chloride:

👉2Al(s)+ 3Cl2(g)→ 2AlCl3(s)

👉Aluminum(Al)reacts with chlorine gas(Cl2)to form aluminum chloride(AlCl3). Aluminum is oxidized,and chlorine is reduced.

76. Combustion of Triacontane:

👉C30H62(g)+ 91/2O2(g)→ 30CO2(g)+ 31H2O(g)

👉Triacontane(C30H62)reacts with oxygen(O2)to form carbon dioxide(CO2)and water(H2O). Triacontane is oxidized,and oxygen is reduced.

77. Reduction of Iron(III)Oxide with Methane:

👉Fe2O3(s)+ 3CH4(g)→ 2Fe(s)+ 3CO2(g)+ 6H2O(g)

👉Iron(III)oxide(Fe2O3)reacts with methane(CH4)to form iron metal(Fe),carbon dioxide(CO2),and water(H2O). Iron(III)oxide is reduced.

78. Reaction Between Aluminum and Bromine:

👉2Al(s)+ 3Br2(g)→ 2AlBr3(s)

👉Aluminum(Al)reacts with bromine(Br2)to form aluminum bromide(AlBr3). Aluminum is oxidized,and bromine is reduced.

79. Combustion of Dotriacontane:

👉C32H66(g)+ 97/2O2(g)→ 32CO2(g)+ 33H2O(g)

👉Dotriacontane(C32H66)reacts with oxygen(O2)to form carbon dioxide(CO2)and water(H2O). Dotriacontane is oxidized,and oxygen is reduced.

80. Reduction of Iron(III)Oxide with Methane:

👉3Fe2O3(s)+ 16CH4(g)→ 6Fe3C(s)+ 18H2O(g)+ 9CO2(g)

👉Iron(III)oxide(Fe2O3)reacts with methane(CH4)to form iron carbide(Fe3C),water(H2O),and carbon dioxide(CO2). Iron(III)oxide is reduced.

81. Formation of Aluminum Bromide:

👉2Al(s)+ 3Br2(g)→ 2AlBr3(s)

👉Aluminum(Al)reacts with bromine(Br2)to form aluminum bromide(AlBr3). Aluminum is oxidized,and bromine is reduced.

82. Combustion of Triaconta-2,9,16,23-tetrayne:

👉C34H54(g)+ 35O2(g)→ 34CO2(g)+ 27H2O(g)

👉Triaconta-2,9,16,23-tetrayne(C34H54)reacts with oxygen(O2)to form carbon dioxide(CO2)and water(H2O). Triaconta-2,9,16,23-tetrayne is oxidized,and oxygen is reduced.

83. Reduction of Iron(III)Oxide with Ethylene:

👉4Fe2O3(s)+ 3C2H4(g)→ 8Fe(s)+ 12CO2(g)+ 6H2O(g)

👉Iron(III)oxide(Fe2O3)reacts with ethylene(C2H4)to form iron metal(Fe),carbon dioxide(CO2),and water(H2O). Iron(III)oxide is reduced.

84. Reaction Between Sodium and Fluorine:

👉2Na(s)+ F2(g)→ 2NaF(s)

👉Sodium(Na)reacts with fluorine(F2)to form sodium fluoride(NaF). Sodium is oxidized,and fluorine is reduced.

85. Combustion of Hexatriacontane:

👉C36H74(g)+ 109/2O2(g)→ 36CO2(g)+ 37H2O(g)

👉Hexatriacontane(C36H74)reacts with oxygen(O2)to form carbon dioxide(CO2)and water(H2O). Hexatriacontane is oxidized,and oxygen is reduced.

86. Reduction of Iron(III)Oxide with Ethylene:

👉2Fe2O3(s)+ 3C2H4(g)→ 4Fe(s)+ 6CO2(g)+ 6H2O(g)

👉Iron(III)oxide(Fe2O3)reacts with ethylene(C2H4)to form iron metal(Fe),carbon dioxide(CO2),and water(H2O). Iron(III)oxide is reduced.

87. Formation of Sodium Fluoride:

👉2Na(s)+ F2(g)→ 2NaF(s)

👉Sodium(Na)reacts with fluorine(F2)to form sodium fluoride(NaF). Sodium is oxidized,and fluorine is reduced.

88. Combustion of Triaconta-8,11,18-triyne:

👉C38H60(g)+ 39O2(g)→ 38CO2(g)+ 30H2O(g)

👉Triaconta-8,11,18-triyne(C38H60)reacts with oxygen(O2)to form carbon dioxide(CO2)and water(H2O). Triaconta-8,11,18-triyne is oxidized,and oxygen is reduced.

89. Reduction of Iron(III)Oxide with Propylene:

👉2Fe2O3(s)+ 3C3H6(g)→ 4Fe(s)+ 6CO2(g)+ 6H2O(g)

👉Iron(III)oxide

(Fe2O3)reacts with propylene(C3H6)to form iron metal(Fe),carbon dioxide(CO2),and water(H2O). Iron(III)oxide is reduced.

90. Reaction Between Sodium and Iodine:

👉2Na(s)+ I2(g)→ 2NaI(s)

👉Sodium(Na)reacts with iodine(I2)to form sodium iodide(NaI). Sodium is oxidized,and iodine is reduced.

91. Combustion of Tetracontane:

👉C40H82(g)+ 121/2O2(g)→ 40CO2(g)+ 41H2O(g)

👉Tetracontane(C40H82)reacts with oxygen(O2)to form carbon dioxide(CO2)and water(H2O). Tetracontane is oxidized,and oxygen is reduced.

92. Reduction of Iron(III)Oxide with Propylene:

👉Fe2O3(s)+ 3C3H6(g)→ 2Fe3O4(s)+ 3CO2(g)+ 3H2O(g)

👉Iron(III)oxide(Fe2O3)reacts with propylene(C3H6)to form iron(II,III)oxide(Fe3O4),carbon dioxide(CO2),and water(H2O). Iron(III)oxide is reduced.

93. Formation of Sodium Iodide:

👉2Na(s)+ I2(g)→ 2NaI(s)

👉Sodium(Na)reacts with iodine(I2)to form sodium iodide(NaI). Sodium is oxidized,and iodine is reduced.

94. Combustion of Nonatriacontane:

👉C42H86(g)+ 127/2O2(g)→ 42CO2(g)+ 43H2O(g)

👉Nonatriacontane(C42H86)reacts with oxygen(O2)to form carbon dioxide(CO2)and water(H2O). Nonatriacontane is oxidized,and oxygen is reduced.

95. Reduction of Iron(III)Oxide with Isobutylene:

👉8Fe2O3(s)+ 9C4H8(g)→ 16Fe(s)+ 24CO2(g)+ 24H2O(g)

👉Iron(III)oxide(Fe2O3)reacts with isobutylene(C4H8)to form iron metal(Fe),carbon dioxide(CO2),and water(H2O). Iron(III)oxide is reduced.

96. Reaction Between Magnesium and Fluorine:

👉Mg(s)+ F2(g)→ MgF2(s)

👉Magnesium(Mg)reacts with fluorine(F2)to form magnesium fluoride(MgF2). Magnesium is oxidized,and fluorine is reduced.

97. Combustion of Hexatriaconta-2,9,16,23-tetrayne:

👉C44H54(g)+ 45O2(g)→ 44CO2(g)+ 33H2O(g)

👉Hexatriaconta-2,9,16,23-tetrayne(C44H54)reacts with oxygen(O2)to form carbon dioxide(CO2)and water(H2O). Hexatriaconta-2,9,16,23-tetrayne is oxidized,and oxygen is reduced.

98. Reduction of Iron(III)Oxide with Isobutylene:

👉3Fe2O3(s)+ 10C4H8(g)→ 6Fe3C(s)+ 15CO2(g)+ 14H2O(g)

👉Iron(III)oxide(Fe2O3)reacts with isobutylene(C4H8)to form iron carbide(Fe3C),carbon dioxide(CO2),and water(H2O). Iron(III)oxide is reduced.

99. Formation of Magnesium Fluoride:

👉Mg(s)+ F2(g)→ MgF2(s)

👉Magnesium(Mg)reacts with fluorine(F2)to form magnesium fluoride(MgF2). Magnesium is oxidized,and fluorine is reduced.

100. Combustion of Octatriacontane:

👉C46H94(g)+ 139/2O2(g)→ 46CO2(g)+ 47H2O(g)

👉Octatriacontane(C46H94)reacts with oxygen(O2)to form carbon dioxide(CO2)and water(H2O). Octatriacontane is oxidized,and oxygen is reduced.

101. Haloform Reaction:

CH3COCH3 + 3NaOCl → CHCl3 + 2CH3COONa + H2O

Acetone reacts with sodium hypochlorite(bleach)in a basic medium to form chloroform,sodium acetate,and water. This reaction is used to detect the presence of methyl ketones.

102. Michael Addition:

CH2=CHCOCH3 + NH2CH2CH3 → CH2=CHCOCH2CH2CH3 + H2O

In this reaction,ethylamine(NH2CH2CH3)reacts with methyl vinyl ketone to form a β-amino ketone product through nucleophilic addition.

103. Diels-Alder Reaction:

C6H10 + H2C=CHCHO → C10H16

In this cycloaddition reaction,1,3-butadiene reacts with acrolein to form a cyclic product called a cyclohexene compound.

104. Beckmann Rearrangement:

CH3COC6H5 + H2O + H2SO4 → C6H5CONHCH3 + H2SO4

In this reaction,acetophenone oxime reacts with water and sulfuric acid to form methyl phenyl ketone(acetophenone)and ammonium bisulfate.

105. Gabriel Synthesis:

Phthalimide + KOH + C6H5CH2CH2Br → C6H5CH2CH2NH2 + KBr + H2O

Potassium phthalimide reacts with benzyl bromide in the presence of potassium hydroxide(KOH)to form benzylamine.

106. Cannizzaro Reaction:

2C6H5CHO → C6H5COOH + C6H5CH2OH

Benzaldehyde undergoes self-disproportionation in a concentrated alkali solution to form benzoic acid and benzyl alcohol.

107. Wittig Reaction:

Ph3P=CHCH2CHO → Ph3P=CHCH2CH=CH2 + CO

In this reaction,the Wittig reagent(Phosphorus ylide)reacts with an aldehyde to form an alkene and carbon monoxide.

108. Claisen Condensation:

CH3COCH2CH2COCH3 + NaOEt → CH3COCH2CH2COCH2CH2COCH3 + EtOH

Ethyl acetoacetate reacts with sodium ethoxide to form a β-keto ester product through a condensation reaction.

109. Clemmensen Reduction:

C6H5C(=O)CH3 + Zn(Hg),HCl → C6H5CH2CH3

Acetophenone reacts with zinc amalgam and hydrochloric acid(HCl)to form ethylbenzene through a reduction reaction.

110. Benzoin Condensation:

2C6H5CHO + KCN,HCN →(C6H5)2CO + KCNO

Benzaldehyde reacts with cyanide(KCN,HCN)to form benzoin and potassium cyanate.

111. Grignard Reaction:

CH3Br + Mg → CH3MgBr

Bromomethane reacts with magnesium metal to form a Grignard reagent,methylmagnesium bromide,which is a powerful nucleophile used in various organic reactions.

112. Friedel-Crafts Alkylation:

C6H6 + CH3Cl + AlCl3 → CH3C6H5 + HCl

Benzene reacts with methyl chloride in the presence of aluminum chloride(AlCl3)as a Lewis acid catalyst to form methylbenzene(toluene).

113. Benzilic Acid Rearrangement:

PhCOCH2COCH3 + KOH → PhCOCOOHCH3

In this rearrangement reaction,benzil reacts with potassium hydroxide(KOH)to form benzilic acid through a rearrangement of the carbonyl group.

114. Hofmann Rearrangement:

CH3CONHCH(CH3)2 + Br2 + KOH →(CH3)2NCOCH3 + KBr + H2O

N-methylacetamide reacts with bromine and potassium hydroxide(KOH)to form N-methylformamide through a rearrangement reaction.

115. Reimer-Tiemann Reaction:

C6H6 + CHCl3 + NaOH → C6H5OH + NaCl + HCOONa

Phenol reacts with chloroform and sodium hydroxide(NaOH)to form salicylaldehyde and sodium formate.

116. Claisen Rearrangement:

CH3COCH=C(CH3)COOC2H5 → CH3COC(CH3)=CHCOOC2H5

In this rearrangement reaction,ethyl acetoacetate rearranges to form ethyl 3-oxobutanoate.

117. Benzidine Rearrangement:

C6H5NHNC6H5 + H2SO4 →(C6H5)2N2 + CO + H2O

In this rearrangement reaction,o-diaminobenzene reacts with sulfuric acid(H2SO4)to form benzidine,carbon monoxide,and water.

118. Beckmann Rearrangement of Ketoximes:

PhC=NOH + H2SO4 → PhC(=O)NHOH

Phenylketoximes react with sulfuric acid(H2SO4)to form oximes through a rearrangement reaction.

119. Benzoylation of Aniline:

C6H5NH2 + C6H5COCl → C6H5NHCOCH6H5 + HCl

Aniline reacts with benzoyl chloride to form N-phenylbenzamide and hydrochloric acid.

120. Nucleophilic Substitution of Haloalkanes:

CH3CH2Cl + OH- → CH3CH2OH + Cl-

Ethyl chloride reacts with hydroxide ion(OH-)to form ethanol and chloride ion in a nucleophilic substitution reaction.

121. Acylation of Amines:

NH3 + CH3COCl → CH3CONH2 + HCl

Ammonia reacts with acetyl chloride to form acetamide and hydrochloric acid.

122. Michaelis-Arbuzov Reaction:

R-CH2P(O)(OR')2 + R"Br → R-CH2P(O)(OR')R" + R'Br

In this reaction,an alkyl phosphonate reacts with an alkyl bromide to form a dialkyl phosphonate and an alkyl bromide.

123. Vilsmeier-Haack Reaction:

C6H5NHCHO + PCl5 → C6H5CHO + POCl3 + HCl

N-formyl aniline reacts with phosphorus pentachloride(PCl5)to form benzaldehyde,phosphoryl chloride,and hydrogen chloride.

124. Ruff Degradation:

C6H5CH(CH3)COOH → C6H5COCH3 + CH3COOH

α-Phenylbutyric acid reacts with heat to form acetophenone and acetic acid in a degradation reaction.

125. Knoevenagel Condensation:

CH3CH2CHO + PhCOCH3 → PhCH=CHCOCH3 + H2O

Ethyl acetaldehyde reacts with acetophenone to form cinnamaldehyde and water in a condensation reaction.

126. Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation:

R-C(CH3)2COCH2R' + H2O2 → R-C(CH3)2C(O)OH + R'OH

In this oxidation reaction,a ketone reacts with hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)to form a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

127. Chichibabin Pyridine Synthesis:

CH3CH2CH2NH2 + CH3CHO → C5H5N + CH3CH2CH2OH

Ethylamine reacts with acetaldehyde to form pyridine and ethanol.

128. Benzoin Condensation with Thiamine:

CH3COC6H4CHO + HOC(CH3)(CH3)NCH2C(CH3)(CH3)OH → C6H5COCH=C(C6H4COCH3)C(CH3)(CH3)N(CH3)(CH3)OH + H2O

Benzaldehyde reacts with thiamine(vitamin B1)to form 3,5-diphenyl-3-hydroxymethyl-1,2-thiazolidine in a benzoin condensation reaction.

129. Duff Reaction:

CH3COOC2H5 + I2 + KOH → CH3COCHI2 + C2H5OH + KI

Ethyl acetate reacts with iodine and potassium hydroxide(KOH)to form iodoacetate,ethanol,and potassium iodide.

130. Wittig-Horner Reaction:

Ph3P=O + CH3CHO → Ph3P=CHCH2CHO + H2O

Phosphorus ylide reacts with acetaldehyde to form a vinylphosphonate and water.